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| Family Process Heft 4/2002 |
| 1/2002 - 2/2002 - 3/2002 - 4/2002 - Überblick Doherty, William J. & Jason S. Carroll (2002): The Citizen Therapist and Family-Centered Community Building: Introduction to a New Section of the Journal. In: Family Process 41(4), S. 561-568 Farrell Erickson, Martha & Richard Louv (2002): The Family Re-Union Initiative: A Springboard for Family-Centered Community Building, Locally and Nationally. In: Family Process 41(4), S. 569-578 abstract: Family Re-Union is an ongoing conference series and family policy initiative launched in 1992 by Al and Tipper Gore. It has been the springboard for a new wave of family-centered community building efforts, including the development of an educational program to prepare a new generation of community builders. We summarize the history of this family-centered community building movement and discuss how it builds upon and differs from earlier approaches to community development. We describe Family Re-Union and some of the ongoing work it has fueled. And we suggest ways family professionals can take part in this work. Doherty, William J. & Jason S. Carroll (2002): The Families and Democracy Project. In: Family Process 41(4), S. 579-590 abstract: The Families and Democracy Project moves family therapists and other professionals into the community via a critique of traditional provider/consumer models of family services, a set of principles about the civic engagement of families in partnership with professionals, and a set of public practices for working on community problems. We describe the Families and Democracy model and three specific projects. We distinguish the model from traditional hierarchical and collaborative models of working with families. And we discuss lessons we have learned, and our plans to take this work to its next developmental stage. Watts-Jones, Dee (2002): Healing Internalized Racism: The Role of a Within-Group Sanctuary Among People of African Descent. In: Family Process 41(4), S. 591-601 abstract: This article addresses the role of a "within-group" sanctuary for healing internalized racism among people of African descent. Internalized racism is distinguished from racism, juxtaposing the different experience of whose who are oppressed and those who are privileged br racism. It is suggested that a context cosisting exclusivel of persons of African descent can provided on opticmally safe space for initial stages of healing from internlaized racism. The anxiety that a collective of African descendants can generate amont whites, and subsequently among those of African descent, is examined by raising questions as to its possible meanings. Whites are encouraged to use their privilege to support such self-determined sanctuaries, rather than to obstruct them. People of African descent are encouraged to tolerate the anxiety that can be generated without "changing back," and to examine whether internalized racism is also implicated. Killian, Kyle D. (2002): Dominant and Marginalized Discourses in Interracial Couples' Narratives: Implications for Family Therapists. In: Family Process 41(4), S. 603-618 abstract: This study explores interracial couples' family histories, their experiences of their life together, and the dominant and subordinate discoures employed in negotiating racial and ethnic differences. Ten black-white couples were interviewed individually and conjointly. Dominant discourses that emerged from the couples' narratives included those of homogamy, hypersensitivity of persons of color, and the insignificance of familial and societal history. Interracial partners also simultaneously subverted these prevailing ideologies by voicing expriences associated with life at the margins of the society. Dominant and subordinate discoureses used by therapists and interracial couples in the therapy room are examined to integrate marginalized "truths" crucial to effective work with interracial couples and persons of color. Fortes de Leff, Jacqueline (2002): Racism in Mexico: Cultural Roots and Clinical Interventions. In: Family Process 41(4), S. 619-623 Suarez-Orozco, Cerola, Irina L.G. Todorova & Josephine Louie (2002): Making Up For Lost Time: The Experience of Separation and Reunification Among Immigrant Families. In: Family Process 41(4), S. 625-643 abstract: In the United States today, one-fifth of the nation's children are growing up in immigrant homes. In the process of migration, families undergo profound transformations that are often complicated by extended periods of separation between loved ones-not only from extended family members, but also from the nuclear family. Though many families are involved in these transnational formulations, there has heretofore been little sense of the prevalence of these forms of family seprations, nor of the effects on family relations. Further, such research has generally been conducted with clinical populations using Western theroretical frameworks and perspectives of families, limiting its applicability to immigrant families. The data presented in this article are derived from a bicoastal, interdisciplinary study of 385 early adolescents originating from China, Central America, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Mexico. Findings from this study indicate that fully 85% of the participants had been separated from one or both parents for extended periods. While family separations are common to all country-of-origin groups, there are clear differences between groups in lenghts of separations as well as people from whom the youth are separated. Descriptive statistics of country-of-origin prevalence, patterns, and outcomes are presented. Results of analyses of variance indicate that children who were separated from their parents were more likely to report depressive symptoms than children who had not been separated. Further, qualitative data from youth, parent, and teacher perspectives of the experience of separation and reunification provide evidence that the circumstances and contexts of the separations lead to a variety of outcomes. We conclude with a discussion of attenuating and complicating factors family therapists should consider in the assessment and treatment of immigrant families. Goldstein, Tina R., David J. Miklowitz & Jeffrey A. Richards (2002): Expressed Emotion Attitudes and Individual Psychopathology Among the Relatives of Bipolar Patients. In: Family Process 41(4), S. 645-657 abstract: This study investigated the relationships between expressed emotion (EE) and individual psychopathology among 82 biological and non-biological relatives of 66 patients with bipolar I disorder. Relatives' psychopathology was assessed via the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, Patient Version (SCID-P) and the General Behavior Inventory (GBI), a self-report measure of lifetime subsyndromal mood disturbances. We hypothesized that relatives who held high-EE critical, hostile, and/or overinvolved attitudes toward their bipolar family member, as measured via the Camberwell Family Interview, would be more likely to have DSM-III-R Axis I diagnoses on the SCID, as well as more mood and temperamental disturbances on the GBI, than those who held low-EE attitudes. The findings did not support a significant relationship between overall EE status and psychopathology in family members. However, relatives without significant Axis I pathology scored significantly higher than those with Axis I pathology on one measure of EE, emotional overinuolvement. The findings are discussed with reference to explanations for the genesis of high-EE attitudes. Stanley, Scott M., Howard J. Markman & Sarah W. Whitton (2002): Communication, Conflict, and Commitment: Insights on the Foundations of Relationship Success from a National Survey. In: Family Process 41(4), S. 659-675 abstract: The key relationship dynamics of communication, conflict, and commitment were investigated using data from a randomly sampled, nationwide phone survey of adults in married, engaged, and cohabiting relationships. Findings on communication and conflict generally replicated those of studies using more in depth or objective measurement strategies. Negative interaction between partners was negatively associated with numerous measures of relationship quality and positively correlated with divorce potential (thinking or talking about divorce). Withdrawal during conflict by either or both partners, thought quite common, was associated with more negativity and less positive connection in relationships. The most frequently reported issue that couples argue about in first marriages was money, and in re-marriages it was conflict about children. Overall, how couples argue was more related to divorce potential than was what they argue about, although couples who argue most about money tended to have higher levels of negative communication and conflict than other couples. Further, while the male divorce potential was more strongly linked to levels of negative interaction, the female was more strongly linked to lower positive connection in the relationship. Consistent with the commitment literature, higher reported commitment was associated with less alternative monitoring, less feeling trapped in the relationship, and greater relationship satisfaction. Brouwer-DudokdeWit, Christine A., Anke Savenije, Moniek W. Zoeteweij, Anneke Maat-Kievit & Aad Tibben (2002): A Hereditary Disorder In the Family and the Family Life Cycle: Huntington Disease as a Paradigm. In: Family Process 41(4), S. 677-692 abstract: The implications of predictive DNA-testing for Huntington's Disease (HD) for the transitions in the family life cycle are described. HD is a hereditary disorder leading to personality changes, uncontrollable movements, cognitive impairment, and ultimately death in mostly adults, People at risk have the possibility to detect whether or not they carry the disease provoking-gene, but no treatment is available. In this article, we will highlight the complex implications of pre-symptomatic testing by describing six different cases, interpreted by following the theoretical framework of Carter and McGoldrick (see pp. 684). HD interferes strongly with the "normal" transitions in the life cycle. It is not so much the test result itself that may be disrupting, but the changed expectations and possibilities for the future. As a family disease, HD forces its members to cope, one way or another, with disturbing events and untimely deaths. Some families are able to make some transitions, while becoming blocked at other transition points; this may differ between families. Being able to cope with HD in the family for a certain time does not necessarily imply that problems will never occur. Because any family member may eventually need help, it is important to then help the family discover what hinders them from making the transition to the next life stage and to resolve these issues so that they can move on. Taanila, Anja, Elina Laitinen, Irma Moilanen & Marjo-Ritta Jarvelin (2002): Effects of Family Interaction on the Child's Behavior In Single-Parent or Reconstructed Families. In: Family Process 41(4), S. 693-708 abstract: The effects of the family interaction on children's behavior were studied in singleparent or reconstructed families (N=63) in a white population in Finland. The focus was on the spousal and the parent-child interaction. Teachers assessed children's behavior and parents were interviewed. The interviews were analyzed qualitatively using the grounded-theory method. The boundary ambiguity theory developed by Pauline Boss was used to examine the interaction in the families. About two fifths of the parents reported that their spousal interaction was good, family boundaries were clear, and the children were taken care of together. Another two fifths interacted only because of the child and family boundaries were ambiguous. In 14 families the involvement of the noncustodial parent was both physically and psychologically low. The physically close but psychologically distant parent-child interaction seemed to affect the child's behavior detrimentally, whereas children with physically and psychologically close interaction with their parents showed less behavioral problems. The children with behavioral problems were more likely to have problems with both parents. They were also more likely to have a stepparent with whom they had conflicts. In conclusion, a good interaction between the parents and clarified family boundaries protect children's mental health after their parents' divorce or separation. Lange, Alfred, Anouk Evers, Hedi Jansen & Conor Dolan (2002): PACHIQ-R: The Parent-Child Interaction Questionnaire—Revised. In: Family Process 41(4), S. 709-722 abstract: The PACHIQ (Parent-Child Interaction Questionnaire) is designed to help clinicians and researchers assess how parents view relationship with their children (PACHIQ-Parent version), and how children evaluate their relationship with their parents (PACHIQ-Child version). The items in this questionnaire refer to both interpersonal behavior and feelings. Conceptually, the PACHIQ is based on learning theory and structural systems theory. The development of the PACHIQ was described by Lange, Blonk and Wiers (1998). The present article reports additional psychometric data obtained in the development and validation of a revised, shorter version of the questionnaire (PACHIQ-R). We present norm tables for families with children who are referred for psychological treatment, and norm tables for families in the normal Dutch population. The PACHIQ-R displays a two factor structure with factors interpreted as Conflict Resolution and Acceptance. The parent version of the PACHIQ-R contains 21 items, the child version 25 items. Bihum, Joan T., Marianne Z. Wamboldt, Lesile A. Gavin & Frederick S. Wamboldt (2002): Can the Family Assessment Device (FAD) Be Used with School Aged Children? In: Family Process 41(4), S. 723-731 abstract: This article examines the usefulness of the Family Assessment Device (FAD) in assessing family functioning with school-aged children (under 12 years of age) compared to children 12 and older and mothers. FAD reports from 194 children with asthma (132 under 12 years; 62 12 years and older) were evaluated in comparison to mothers' FAD reports as well as mothers' reports on two other family functioning measures: the Family Inventory of Life Events (FILE) and the Impact on Family (IOF) scale, both relevant to functioning in families with children with asthma. Although FAD scale reliabilities were lowest in younger children (alpha=.48-.79), good concurrent validity was found with mothers' reports on the three different measures of family functioning. Older childrens' FAD scales showed good reliability (>.70) but poorer agreement with the various maternal measures. With modifications to make items more structured and simplified, the FAD could be tried with younger children, although documentation of improved reliability is needed before more widespread use with school-aged children is advocated. The measure already shows good agreement with maternal report in this younger age group, which likely would be strengthened with improved reliability. FAD reports in older children correlated less well with maternal measures, but may represent nonredundant information on family health from an independent perspective and are worth considering in addition to mothers' perspectives. Greeno, Catherine G. (2002): Major Alternatives to the Classic Experimental Design. In: Family Process 41(4), S. 733-736 |
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